Vascular risk factors are associated with longitudinal changes in cerebrospinal fluid tau markers and cognition in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease

Fig. 1

Longitudinal change in Aβ₄₂, t-tau, and p-tau values over time by risk factor status. The panels represent the mean scores and 95% confidence intervals based on the general linear mixed model coefficients and standard error of biomarker values during follow-up by baseline risk factor status. The upper panels (A, B, C) show results for Aβ₄₂, the middle panels (D, E, F) for t-tau, and the lower panels for p-tau (G, H, I). The panels on the left (A, D, G) show the effects of hypertension, the middle panels (B, E, H) show the effect of obesity, and the panels on the right (C, F, I) show the effect of the Framingham Risk Score. The black, horizontal dotted line indicates the biomarker cutoffs that define positivity for Aβ₄₂ (<1098 pg/mL), t-tau (>255 pg/mL), and p-tau (>23 pg/mL). P values indicate difference between individuals with and without the risk factor over time.