Mild cognitive impairment has similar alterations as Alzheimer’s disease in gut microbiota

Fig. 1

The α-diversity and β-diversity indices of the fecal and blood microbiota in patients with AD and MCI and normal controls. (A-D) Box plots depict differences in the fecal α-diversity indices according to the Chao 1 index, PD whole tree index, observed species index, Shannon index based on the OUT counts. Each box plot represents the median, interquartile range, minimum, and maximum values. (F-I) Box plots depict α-diversity in blood microbiota in the three groups. E & J: Weighted ANOSIMs and PCA based on the distance matrix of UniFrac dissimilarity of the fecal (E) and blood (J) microbiota communities in the AD, MCI, and NC groups. ANOSIM R values showed the community variation between the compared groups, and significant P values are indicated. The axes represent the two dimensions explaining the greatest proportion of variance in the communities. Each symbol represents a…